Vitalik: ZK cannot achieve "coercion-resistance" alone, needs to be combined with FHE/MPC/TEE, etc.

Techub News, Vitalik tweeted that ZK itself cannot provide "coercion-resistance", and in scenarios such as voting, it needs to be combined with trusted parties, MPC, FHE, or TEE to achieve this. He added that adopting a layered architecture of ZK + FHE can enhance system security; even if FHE is compromised, privacy properties other than "coercion-resistance" can still be preserved. He emphasized that "similar situations may also apply to most cryptographic application scenarios beyond zero-knowledge proofs".